Herndon Florist, a flower shop in Virginia, began getting calls last year from customers complaining about the quality of its service. They finally figured out that these orders were taken by a company that is listed in the telephone directory as both "Florist in Herndon" and "Florist of Herndon." When customers dialed the local number, the calls were forwarded using a common telephone-company service called remote call forwarding. Finally at the other end, it is the company located in Bernardsville, New Jersey, called Nightmares Inc. Nightmares Inc. has listings in 17 states with more than 1,000 listings in New Jersey alone. It takes all the orders and then distribute to the affiliated local florists, keeping a commission plus a service charge (Wall Street Journal, 11/11/96).

Generally, customers remember a company by the quality of its service, but they don't always remember the exact name of the company. When they see similar names in the listings, they easily assume they are the same store. Nightmares Inc. took advantage of that. By using similar names, Nightmares Inc. are benefiting from the loyalty and confidence that the customers have in those local flower shops. As a result, it successfully took business away from them.

Other businesses are also using remote call forwarding to expand their service territory, such as plumbing shops and law firms (Wall Street Journal, 11/11/96). Another related practice is for a business to buy the yellow-pages ads and phone numbers of nearby competitors who have gone out of business to channel their loyal customers (Fortune, 2/17/97).

These deceptive practices would not have been possible with the willing cooperation of the phone company and excess capacity of local stores. Remote call forwarding and call diversion are lucrative business for the phone companies. Local stores who may not be getting enough business on their own would not object to some extra business wherever it might have originated.

These are all examples of deceptive market signaling that are intended to confuse customers with insufficient information. Since a business identity conveys certain attributes on which naïve customers often base their purchase decision, identity is a valuable property much like other tangible property. In so far as a mistaken identity can confer temporary competitive advantage to the perpetrators, using a mistaken identity is tantamount to property theft.